The content language determines:

Setting the language of a single note

To set the language of the content of a Text note:

Adjusting the list of languages

By default there will be no language configured, they can be configured by going to Options → Language & Region or by selecting the Configure languages item when setting the language.

Default content language

Notes that do not have a language of their own follow Options → Language & Region Default content language. It is set to English initially, and can be set to any content language, or to Based on the application's language.

If a note has a language set, it always takes precedence over the default.